In an era where sustainability is no longer just a buzzword but a necessity, the maritime industry is charting a new course towards greener seas. At the heart of this transformation is the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII), a pivotal measure introduced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to curb carbon emissions from ships. As the world’s fleet navigates through the challenges of climate change, understanding and implementing CII is crucial for shipowners and operators.
This article delves into the significance of CII, shedding light on how it is reshaping the future of maritime transport and steering us towards a more sustainable horizon.
The CII, quantified in grams of CO2 emitted per cargo-carrying capacity and nautical mile, will categorize ships from A to E based on their environmental performance. From 2024, these ratings will escalate in stringency, compelling the industry to adopt more efficient methods and technologies. The IMO's goal of achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050 underscores the CII's pivotal role in enhancing ship energy efficiency and promoting sustainable shipping.
Exploring the Carbon Intensity Indicator's complexities, its calculation processes, and its alignment with regulations like the Data Collection System (DCS) and Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP), reveals a transformative era for the maritime sector. By comprehending and embracing the CII, ship owners and operators can ensure adherence to IMO standards while contributing to a more environmentally conscious shipping industry.
Key Takeaways
The CII measures a ship's energy efficiency in grams of CO2 emitted per cargo-carrying capacity and nautical mile.
Ships will receive an environmental rating from A to E based on their CII performance, with ratings becoming stricter towards 2030.
The CII applies to all cargo, RoPax, and cruise ships above 5,000 GT.
Ships rated D for three consecutive years or E for one year must submit a corrective action plan.
The CII is part of the IMO's decarbonization strategy, aiming for net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
Understanding the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII)
The shipping industry is embarking on a significant journey towards maritime decarbonization with the advent of the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII). This metric, introduced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), aims to diminish the carbon footprint of vessels. It seeks to promote a reduction in emissions within the shipping industry.
What is the CII?
The CII measures a ship's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per unit of transport work. It is calculated as grams of CO2 emitted per cargo-carrying capacity and nautical mile. This metric applies to ships of 5,000 gross tonnage and above, encompassing various types such as bulk carriers, gas carriers, and container ships.
How is the CII calculated?
The CII calculation involves a formula that considers CO2 emissions, cargo-carrying capacity, and distance traveled. The formula will be refined with correction factors for different ship types and operational profiles. Clarksons' CII modelling tool aids in assessing and optimizing vessel deployment for enhanced CII ratings.
For instance, a bulk carrier emits 3,219 tonnes of CO2 over 12,000 nautical miles while carrying 60,000 tons of cargo. Its Attained CII would be 4.471. With a Required CII of 4.808, based on a 5% reduction, the CII rating for this bulk carrier would be 0.93, categorizing it as grade B.
CII rating system: A, B, C, D, and E ratings
Ships are rated from A to E based on their CII performance, with A being the most efficient and E the least. The rating boundaries decrease by about 2% annually. Ships rated 'D' for three consecutive years or rated 'E' for one year, must submit a corrective action plan to improve their CII compliance.
CII Rating | Proportion of Ships |
A | 1 in 8 |
B | 3 in 8 |
C | 2 in 8 |
D or E | 1 in 2 |
Achieving a superior CII rating necessitates a blend of operational measures, technological advancements, and the adoption of alternative fuels. Strategies to enhance a ship's CII include:
Hull coatings and optimized hull design
Low-energy lighting systems
Alternative power generation (e.g., shaft generators, Rotor sails)
Air lubrication systems
Optimized rudder and propeller design
Switching to alternative fuels (e.g., LNG, biofuels)
By actively managing their CII performance, shipowners and operators can contribute to the IMO's decarbonization objectives. This effort will pave the way for a greener, more sustainable maritime industry.
The Importance of CII in the Shipping Industry
The Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) is a pivotal step towards the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) decarbonization objectives. It plays a crucial role in assessing and lessening the environmental footprint of maritime emissions. This contributes significantly to the sustainability of the shipping industry.
IMO's Decarbonization Strategy
The CII is integral to the IMO's Initial Strategy for Reducing GHG Emissions from Ships, adopted in 2018. This strategy targets a 40% reduction in carbon intensity by 2030 and 70% by 2050, relative to 2008 levels. The ultimate goal is to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by or before 2050. The CII is instrumental in measuring and monitoring progress towards these targets, fostering operational efficiency and the adoption of cleaner technologies.
Environmental Impact of Maritime Emissions
The shipping sector is a significant contributor to global carbon emissions, necessitating a reduction to combat climate change. The implementation of the CII and other environmental regulations for ships is crucial for a sustainable future. Key statistics underscore the CII's role in driving positive change:
Vessels with a CII rating of 'A' typically have a 7% higher resale value compared to vessels with a CII rating of 'E', which have an average resale value of minus 12%.
Deploying Energy Saving Devices (ESDs) on vessels has a quick payoff time of around a year and a half.
After 2024, when the EU ETS takes effect, there will be a price tag on emissions, providing more financial incentive for vessels to adopt green practices.
More than 90% of energy-saving technologies can be implemented during vessel operation without the need for dry docking.
Enhancing a vessel's CII rating not only supports maritime sustainability but also offers economic advantages. Better ratings can influence charter rate negotiations and enhance a vessel's competitiveness. Shipowners increasingly recognize the CII's importance in their operations and decision-making.
CII Rating | Vessel Resale Value Impact |
A | +7% |
E | -12% |
As the maritime industry evolves, prioritizing sustainability, the CII will remain essential for measuring and driving progress towards decarbonization goals. By embracing cleaner technologies, optimizing operational efficiency, and adhering to environmental regulations, the shipping sector can contribute to a greener future and the global fight against climate change.
CII, DCS, and SEEMP Part III: The Connection
The maritime industry's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy efficiency are deeply connected through the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII), Data Collection System (DCS), and Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) Part III. Grasping the interrelation between these elements is essential for ship owners and operators. It ensures compliance with international regulations and aids in the decarbonization of the shipping sector.
Data Collection System (DCS) and CII Reporting
The IMO Data Collection System (DCS) is pivotal in the CII calculation process. Since January 1, 2019, ships of 5,000 gross tonnage and above on international voyages must collect and report their fuel oil consumption data. This data is critical for determining the ship's environmental rating and calculating the attained annual operational CII.
Starting in 2024, the CII must be reported to the DCS verifier along with the aggregated DCS data from the previous year. This includes any correction factors and voyage adjustments. The attained annual operational CII and environmental rating will be documented on the DCS Statement of Compliance. This ensures transparency and accountability in the CII calculation process.
Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) Part III
The Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) Part III is a vital document outlining specific plans and measures to enhance energy efficiency and reduce carbon intensity. Owners must develop SEEMP Part III before January 1, 2023, to comply with MARPOL Annex VI reg.28. Verification must be conducted by the ship's administration or an authorized organization.
In the event of a D rating for three consecutive years or one E rating, the SEEMP Part III must be updated with a corrective action plan. Verification is required before the Statement of Compliance can be issued. This ensures that ships continually strive to improve their energy efficiency and reduce their carbon footprint.
Ship Type | SEEMP Part III Requirement |
Ships for delivery on or after 1 November 2022 | Expected to meet SEEMP Part III requirements upon delivery |
Existing ships | SEEMP Part III to be developed and verified by 1 January 2023 |
Classification societies and maritime organizations, such as DNV, provide various services to assist ship owners and operators. These services include pre-assessment, CII calculation support, and technical reviews. They help identify and implement operational improvements on board.
By understanding the connection between the CII, DCS, and SEEMP Part III, the maritime industry can collectively strive towards the IMO's decarbonization goals. This contributes to a more sustainable future for the shipping sector.
Calculating the CII: Formulas and Correction Factors
The Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) is a critical metric for assessing the maritime environmental impact of vessels over 5,000 gross tons. It measures CO2 emissions per cargo-carrying capacity and nautical mile. This metric is pivotal for fostering energy-efficient shipping and adhering to global regulations.
The CII formula takes into account annual fuel consumption, CO2 emission factor, and the distance sailed annually. It also considers the vessel's design deadweight or gross tonnage. Correction factors and voyage adjustments are applied to the basic CII to account for unique ship designs and operational conditions. These adjustments are crucial for ships with specific features or exemptions, such as those with ice-class or refrigerated cargo systems.
AER Formula for CII Calculation
The Annual Efficiency Ratio (AER) formula is pivotal in determining a ship's CII score:
AER = (Annual Fuel Consumption x CO2 Emission Factor) / (Annual Distance Sailed x (Design Deadweight of the Vessel or Gross tonnage*))
For CII reporting, data on distances traveled, time at sea, and fuel consumption is required. Operating speed significantly influences CII due to its cubic relationship with fuel consumption. Tonnage also plays a role, affecting the constant in the CII formula.
Correction Factors and Voyage Adjustments
Correction factors and reduction factors are implemented to refine CII assessments. These factors account for the distinct characteristics and operational needs of various ship types. The comprehensive CII formula, including these adjustments, is outlined in IMO's RESOLUTION MEPC.355(78).
Accurate CII verification is crucial for ship owners and operators to devise effective corrective action plans. It ensures compliance with international standards. By grasping the CII calculation and applying relevant correction factors, the shipping sector can strive towards environmental reduction and sustainability.
CII Compliance Strategies for Ship Owners and Operators
The maritime sector is under mounting pressure to reduce co2 emissions from ships. Ship owners and operators are now focusing on strategies to enhance their cii performance rating and adhere to the latest maritime carbon standards.
Achieving compliance necessitates a blend of operational enhancements, technological advancements, and the adoption of alternative fuels and energy sources.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set ambitious targets. The goal is to lower carbon intensity in international shipping by 40% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, relative to the 2008 baseline. Ships are evaluated on a Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) scale from A to E, with stricter thresholds over time. From 2023, ships rated D or E will be considered non-compliant with climate change regulations.
Operational Efficiency Measures
Enhancing cii compliance through operational efficiency is paramount. Key strategies include:
Optimizing ship arrival times at ports, potentially reducing emissions by 20%
Utilizing weather routing solutions for up to 15.9% fuel savings
Avoiding unnecessary delays and ensuring timely maintenance
Technological Innovations for Reducing Emissions
Investing in cutting-edge technologies is crucial for emission reduction and cii rating improvement. Promising technologies include:
Technology | Potential Impact |
Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) | -5.9% reduction in carbon intensity |
Hull cleaning to reduce drag | Improved fuel efficiency |
Low-energy light bulbs | Reduced energy consumption |
Solar/wind auxiliary power for accommodation services | Decreased reliance on fossil fuels |
Alternative Fuels and Energy Sources
Adopting alternative fuels and energy sources is vital for long-term decarbonization. Low-carbon fuels like liquefied natural gas (LNG), biofuels, and hydrogen can significantly cut co2 emissions. Exploring wind and solar power can further boost a ship's environmental performance.
Ship owners and operators must regularly monitor their cii performance rating to avoid unexpected measures. By proactively adopting operational efficiency measures, investing in technological innovations, and exploring alternative fuels and energy sources, the maritime industry can significantly reduce its environmental footprint and meet stringent carbon standards.
The Role of Classification Societies in CII Implementation
Classification societies play a pivotal role in the implementation of the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) within the shipping industry. They offer essential services that aid ship owners and operators in navigating the complexities of emission reduction and CII compliance.
Classification societies are key in providing CII verification and certification services. Utilizing advanced tools like the Emissions Insight Service, they accurately monitor and assess a vessel's CII performance. This data-driven approach ensures that ship owners and operators have a clear understanding of their carbon intensity levels. They can then take necessary measures to enhance their ratings.
Advisory Services for Decarbonization Strategies
Classification societies also offer advisory services to support the shipping industry in developing effective decarbonization strategies. These services include:
Assisting in the development of Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plans (SEEMP) Part III
Providing guidance on operational efficiency measures and technological innovations to reduce emissions
Exploring alternative fuels and energy sources suitable for specific vessel types and routes
Offering insights on potential revisions to CII regulations and long-term decarbonization goals
By leveraging the expertise of classification societies, ship owners and operators can make informed decisions. They can implement targeted strategies to improve their CII ratings. This contributes to the overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the maritime sector.
The importance of collaboration between classification societies and industry stakeholders is paramount. Consider these statistics:
Data Point | Value |
Operational optimization potential efficiency increase | 10%-24% |
Latent performance improvements through voyage optimization | 10% |
Vessels with gross tonnage above 5,000 covered by mandatory GHG emission data collection schemes | IMO and EU |
By working closely with classification societies, the shipping industry can unlock significant potential for reducing ship emissions and achieving CII compliance. Through a combination of accurate data collection, advisory services, and collaborative efforts, the maritime sector can make substantial progress towards a more sustainable future.
Industry Response to CII Regulations
The Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) regulations have elicited varied reactions from the shipping industry. Some see it as a crucial step towards reducing emissions and achieving decarbonization goals. Others, though, express concerns about the challenges it poses.
One major criticism of the CII is its uniform approach, highlighted by six leading maritime organizations in a joint statement. They contend that the current framework fails to consider the diverse operational and technical aspects of different vessels. This could result in inaccurate and unreliable ratings. This viewpoint is echoed by various sectors, with 78 proposal amendments submitted to modify the CII system.
Challenges for Stakeholders
The implementation of CII regulations brings several hurdles for stakeholders in the shipping industry. These include:
Significant investments in technological innovations and operational efficiency measures to improve CII ratings
Adapting to new reporting and monitoring requirements under the Data Collection System (DCS) and Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) Part III
Potential impact on vessel liquidity in the sale and purchase market, notably for bulk carriers and tankers
Uncertainty regarding the accuracy and reliability of CII ratings, which may affect critical business decisions in finance, insurance, chartering, brokering, and port sectors
Opportunities and Best Practices
Despite the challenges, the CII regulations also open up opportunities for the shipping industry to adopt more sustainable practices and drive innovation in reducing ship emissions. Some effective strategies for CII compliance include:
Continuous monitoring and analysis of vessel performance data to identify areas for improvement
Investing in energy-efficient technologies, such as hull coatings, propulsion systems, and waste heat recovery systems
Optimizing voyage planning and vessel speed to minimize fuel consumption and emissions
Exploring the use of alternative fuels and energy sources, such as biofuels, LNG, and hydrogen
Collaborating with stakeholders across the value chain, including charterers, cargo owners, and ports, to implement efficiency measures and share best practices
Initiatives like the Republic of Korea's "CII rating improvement consulting project" aim to support small- and medium-sized shipping companies in effectively implementing CII regulations and improving their ratings. As the industry navigates the challenges and opportunities presented by the CII, ongoing collaboration, innovation, and a commitment to decarbonization will be essential for success.
The CII regulation was implemented as a short-term GHG reduction measure in 2023, targeting international navigation vessels of 5000 gross tonnage (GT) and above.
CII Rating | Description |
A | Superior performance |
B | Above average performance |
C | Average performance |
D | Below average performance |
E | Inferior performance |
Future Developments in Maritime Carbon Standards
The shipping industry faces significant challenges in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) will review the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) regulations by January 1, 2026. This review aims to assess the need for enhanced corrective actions and additional Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) requirements. It will also evaluate the enforcement mechanism and data collection system, as well as the Z factor and CII reference values.
The IMO's Initial Strategy sets ambitious decarbonization goals for the shipping industry. By 2050, it aims for a 70% reduction in carbon intensity compared to 2008 levels. The goal is to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by or around 2050. To meet these targets, the industry must embrace innovative technologies, operational efficiency measures, and alternative fuels.
Potential revisions to CII regulations
The IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) 82 has initiated the review of the CII, Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP), and EEXI. This review addresses gaps and challenges in the CII and SEEMP in a two-stage approach. Considered gaps include:
CII reduction factors for 2027-2030
Enhancement of the SEEMP framework
Handling idle time and port waiting time
Managing short voyages
Improving the CII metric for cruise ships
Enforcing the CII
Optimizing port call efficiency
Ensuring the accessibility of Data Collection System (DCS) data
These revisions aim to address concerns raised by stakeholders. They ensure the CII regulations effectively drive the industry towards reducing ship emissions and achieving cii compliance strategies.
Long-term decarbonization goals for the shipping industry
To meet the IMO's ambitious decarbonization targets, the shipping industry must adopt a multi-faceted approach. This includes operational efficiency measures, technological innovations, and the use of alternative fuels and energy sources. Key strategies for long-term decarbonization include:
Improving vessel design and hydrodynamics
Optimizing voyage planning and speed management
Implementing wind-assisted propulsion technologies
Transitioning to low-carbon and zero-carbon fuels, such as ammonia, hydrogen, and biofuels
Investing in shore power infrastructure and cold ironing
Collaborating with ports and other stakeholders to improve operational efficiency and reduce emissions
As the industry navigates these challenges, effective ship emissions monitoring and reporting are crucial. They track progress and identify areas for improvement. The ongoing development and refinement of maritime carbon standards will continue to shape the future of the shipping industry. This will drive innovation and collaboration towards a more sustainable future.
Conclusion
The advent of the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) marks a pivotal moment for the shipping industry. It signifies a commitment to slashing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. With the CII regulations now in effect, vessels of 5,000 gross tonnage and above must now calculate and report their Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) and annual operational carbon intensity indicator (CII). This move is aimed at fostering sustainable practices and technological advancements within the maritime realm. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a goal to halve greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping by 2050, compared to 2008 levels.
The CII rating system categorizes ships from A to E based on their carbon intensity performance. A rating signifies the highest efficiency, while E represents the lowest. Ships scoring a D for three years or an E for one year must formulate and execute corrective action plans to boost their carbon intensity. Given the annual reduction of 2% in carbon intensity limits, owners and operators must continually enhance their vessels' operational efficiency to adhere to CII standards.
The CII's introduction brings both hurdles and prospects for the shipping industry. Adherence to the regulations might spark disputes between owners and charterers over vessel operation and carbon intensity fulfillment. To mitigate these issues, bodies like BIMCO have crafted clauses for time charter agreements. These clauses outline the responsibilities of both parties to collaborate and manage risks associated with CII compliance. As the industry shifts towards a more environmentally conscious future, cooperation and dedication to long-term decarbonization are essential. These efforts will be vital in adapting to the stringent carbon intensity standards and aiding in the global battle against climate change.
FAQ
What is the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII)?
The Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) quantifies a ship's energy efficiency. It measures CO2 emissions per cargo-carrying capacity and nautical mile. This metric is pivotal in evaluating and rating the operational carbon intensity of vessels.
How is the CII calculated?
The CII calculation involves dividing CO2 emissions by the product of cargo-carrying capacity and distance. This formula is enhanced with correction factors and voyage adjustments. These adjustments account for specific design and operational circumstances.
What is the CII rating system?
From 2024, ships will receive an environmental rating annually. Ratings range from A to E, with A being the highest and E the lowest. The thresholds for these ratings will tighten by 2030, reflecting a more stringent evaluation.
Which ships are subject to CII regulations?
All cargo, RoPax, and cruise ships over 5,000 GT are covered by CII regulations. This includes bulk carriers, gas carriers, tankers, and container ships. General cargo ships, refrigerated cargo carriers, and combination carriers are also included, along with LNG carriers, vehicle carriers, and Ro-Ro cargo vessels.
What is the role of the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) in CII compliance?
The SEEMP is essential for CII compliance. If a ship receives a D rating for three years or an E rating, the SEEMP must be updated. This plan outlines corrective actions and is verified before compliance can be confirmed.
How can ship owners and operators improve their CII rating?
Improving CII ratings involves several strategies. These include hull cleaning, optimizing speed and routing, and using low-energy light bulbs. Solar and wind auxiliary power for accommodation services also contribute. Technological advancements and alternative fuels are key to reducing emissions and enhancing CII performance.
What is the role of classification societies in CII implementation?
Classification societies are crucial in CII implementation. They provide verification and certification services. They assist in monitoring CII performance and offer advisory services. This support helps ship owners and operators develop decarbonization strategies and reduction plans, ensuring compliance with IMO standards.
What are the long-term decarbonization goals for the shipping industry?
The IMO's Initial Strategy aims to cut carbon intensity by 40% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, relative to 2008 levels. The ultimate goal is to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by or around 2050.
Source Links
CII - Carbon Intensity Indicator - https://www.dnv.com/maritime/insights/topics/CII-carbon-intensity-indicator/
EEXI and CII - ship carbon intensity and rating system - https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/EEXI-CII-FAQ.aspx
The IMO Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII): What is it and how to prepare? - https://www.carbonchain.com/blog/the-imo-carbon-intensity-indicator-cii-what-is-it-and-how-to-prepare
Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) explained in 6 Minutes - https://www.nautilusshipping.com/carbon-intensity-indicator-cii
Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) And Actionable Solutions for Shipping Industry - https://www.marineinsight.com/green-shipping/carbon-intensity-indicator-cii-and-actionable-solutions-for-shipping-industry/
CII Ratings & Their Impact on The Shipping Industry - https://www.njordsolution.com/cii-ratings-their-impact-on-the-shipping-industry
Sailing towards sustainability: CII vs. EEOI in Shipping | Sea - https://www.sea.live/blog/sailing-towards-sustainability-cii-vs-eeoi-in-shipping/
SEEMP Part III - https://marine-offshore.bureauveritas.com/shipping-decarbonization/carbon-index/seemp-part-iii
SEEMP, IMO DCS and CII | ClassNK - https://www.classnk.or.jp/hp/en/activities/statutory/seemp/index.html
Frequently Asked Questions about Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII FAQ) - https://marine-digital.com/article_cii-faq
How Do You Calculate Your CII Score? | Nautilus Labs - https://nautiluslabs.com/resources/how-do-you-calculate-your-cii-score/
How to navigate CII: what it is and how you can stay compliant – NAPA - https://www.napa.fi/how-to-navigate-cii-what-it-is-and-how-you-can-stay-compliant/
Container ship owners need clarity on CII implications | LR - https://www.lr.org/en/knowledge/insights-articles/container-ship-owners-need-clarity-on-cii-implications/
Modern Class: The Evolution of Class Societies - https://maritime-executive.com/magazine/modern-class-the-evolution-of-class-societies
Review of the impact of idle time on the Carbon Intensity Indicator Submitted by INTERCARGO - https://www.intercargo.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/MEPC-82-6-27-Rev.pdf
The role of data in maximising operational efficiency in shipping - https://globalmaritimeforum.org/insight/the-role-of-data-in-maximising-operational-efficiency-in-shipping/
Carbon Intensity Indicator Inadequacies Highlighted: Industry Calls for Reform - https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/carbon-intensity-indicator-inadequacies-highlighted-calls-contreras-xrp9f
Proposals on Effective Implementation of the Carbon Intensity Indication of Ships - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/12/11/1906
Shipping braces for new carbon intensity regulations | LR - https://www.lr.org/en/knowledge/horizons/december-2022/ready-steady-go-shipping-braces-for-new-carbon-intensity-regulations/
IMO MEPC 82: Negotiations on a new net-zero framework - https://www.dnv.com/news/23-statutory-imo-mepc-82-negotiations-on-a-new-net-zero-framework/
Ship Carbon Intensity Indicator Assessment via Just-in-Time Arrival Algorithm Based on Real-Time Data: Case Study of Pusan New International Port - https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/18/13875
Index of MEPC Resolutions and Guidelines related to MARPOL Annex VI - https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Index-of-MEPC-Resolutions-and-Guidelines-related-to-MARPOL-Annex-VI.aspx
CII(Carbon Intensity Indicator) | Cello Square - https://www.cello-square.com/en/blog/view-1357.do
Rebecca Bax: The impact of the introduction of the CII "carbon intensity indicator" for both owners and charterers - https://www.shipownersclub.com/latest-updates/news/rebecca-bax-impact-introduction-cii-carbon-intensity-indicator-both-owners-and-charterers/
Comentarios